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55) "Nos ancêtres les Gaulois"


1) Il y a environ 35 000 ans: H, C & A
Les haplogroupes H, C & A représentent aujourd'hui moins de ~2% de la population de la France. Ils sont devenus très rares actuellement.

L'histoire des européens commence il y a environ 35 000 ans avec Cro-Magnons, les premiers Homo Sapiens à coloniser l'Europe. Partis du Proche-Orient il y a 45.000 ans, ils ont progressé très lentement des Balkans vers l'Europe occidentale, se métissant probablement avec les Néandertaliens autochtones en chemin. Aucun ADN-Y de Cro-Magnon n'a encore été testé à ce jour (seulement l'ADN mitochondrial), mais il est probable que la première vague d'Homo Sapiens, liée à la culture aurignacienne, appartenait à de vieux haplogroupes * tels que H-P96, C-V20 et peut-être même A1a.
* Un haplogroupe  du chromosome Y (ADN-Y) peut être perçu comme un groupe d'humains ayant un même ancêtre commun en lignée patrilinéaire.

Haplogroupe H: Cet haplogroupe est commun à tout le sous-continent indien mais on le retrouve aussi chez les Roms.
Peuple dravidien: Haplogroupe H
Haplogroupe C: Cet haplogroupe serait apparu il y a au moins 60 000 ans. Il est typique des populations de Mongolie, de Polynésie, d'Australie, d'Inde et de la partie la plus orientale de la Russie.
Genghis Khan : Haplogroupe C3
Haplogroupe A1a: L’haplogroupe A dont l’origine et la plus grande diversité se trouvent en Afrique est également le plus ancien des haplogroupes.
Peuple khoïsan : Haplogroupe A1a


2) Il y a environ 32 000 ans: I & E1b1b
L'haplogroupe I représente aujourd'hui ~15% de la population de la France.
L'haplogroupe E1b1b représente aujourd'hui ~7.5% de la population de la France (la plupart de la population définie comme noire).

Les peuplades robustes de l'Aurignacien ont été succédées par des hommes à la forme plus gracile au cours de la période du Gravettien (32.000-22.000 ans). Cette deuxième vague d'hommes modernes aurait pu apporter l'haplogroupe I et éventuellement aussi certaines lignées E1b1b.

Haplogroupe I: L'haplogroupe I est le lignage paternel majeur le plus ancien d'Europe et peut-être le seul qui y naquit. L'haplogroupe I est divisé en de nombreux sous-groupes et serait né dans les Balkans il y a plus de 30 000 ans. L'haplogoupe I a dominé le sud-est de l'Europe avant l'expansion de l'haplogroupe R (composant par la suite les Indo-Européens), qui assimila sa population féminine sauf dans les endroits moins accessibles comme la Scandinavie, la Sardaigne et les Balkans yougoslaves. Cet haplogroupe est principalement retrouvé aujourd'hui chez les populations européennes notamment dans la péninsule balkanique et Sardaigne (25 à 50%) ou chez les Roumains, les Bulgares (fréquences de 20 à 30 %). En Suède, Norvège, Danemark,  Islande et au nord de l'Allemagne (avec les haplogroupes I1 et I2b) , à des fréquences de 25 à 50%
Leo Tolstoy : Haplogroupe I1
Nikola Tesla : Haplogroupe I2a
Napoleon III : Haplogroupe I2

Haplogroupe E1b1b: La plus grande diversité génétique de l'haplogroupe E1b1b se trouve dans le nord-est de l'Afrique, surtout en Éthiopie et en Somalie
Nelson Mandela : Haplogroupe E1b1a



3) Il y a environ 12 000 ans: I2 & E1b1b
L'haplogroupe I2 représente aujourd'hui ~6.5% de la population de la France.
L'haplogroupe E1b1b représente aujourd'hui ~7.5% de la population de la France.

Au cours de la période mésolithique, à partir de la fin de la dernière glaciation (vers 10.000 avant notre ère) et s'étalant jusqu'à l'adoption de l'agriculture (de vers 5500 avant notre ère dans le sud de la France jusqu'à 4000 avant notre ère au nord des Pays-Bas), les habitants du Benelux et de France auraient appartenu principalement à l'haplogroupe I2 et en particulier à I2a1a (M26), bien que I2a2 pourrait avoir existé entre Alsace et la Franche-comté et le Benelux. E1b1b se serait pendant ce temps étendu d'Espagne et d'Italie vers le sud de la France.

Martin Luther : Haplogroupe I2a1
Napoleon Bonaparte: Haplogroupe E1b1b
(Professeur Gérard Lucotte a testé l' Y-ADN de Napoléon I, Napoléon III et de leurs descendants)
Albert Einstein: Haplogroupe E1b1b
Adolf Hitler: Haplogroupe E1b1b

Pour plus de renseignements :



4) Il y a environ 7 000 ans: E1b1b, G2a, J1, J2 & T
L'haplogroupe E1b1b représente aujourd'hui ~7.5% de la population de la France.
L'haplogroupe G représente aujourd'hui ~5.5% de la population de la France.
L'haplogroupe J représente aujourd'hui ~7.5% de la population de la France. Il représente une part importante de la population sémitique (e.g. arabe ou juive).
L'haplogroupe T représente aujourd'hui moins de ~1.5% de la population de la France (une proportion négligeable).

Le néolithique a vu l'avènement de l'agriculture (élevage de bétail, puis l'agriculture céréalière), l'utilisation de la poterie et le remplacement du mode de vie nomade par la sédentarisation. Originaire du Croissant Fertile vers 9500 avant notre ère, le néolithique se propagea à travers l'Anatolie et la Grèce, puis se scinda en deux groupes. Au sud, un premier groupe traversa la Méditerranée, vers l'Italie, le sud de France et la péninsule ibérique et devenint la culture de la céramique cardiale (5000-1500 avant notre ère). La branche nord se développa d'abord dans les Balkans avec la culture de Starčevo (6000-4500 AEC) et la culture rubanée (LBK) (5500-4500 AEC), suivant le Danube et ses affluents jusqu'en Allemagne, le nord de la France et le Benelux.
Les éleveurs et agriculteurs néolithique du Proche-Orient semblent avoir appartenu à haplogroupes E1b1b, G2a, J1, J2 et T.

Haplogroupe G2a: De nos jours, l'haplogroupe G se retrouve partout de l'Europe occidentale et du nord-ouest de l'Afrique jusqu'à l'Asie centrale, l'Inde et Afrique de l'est, bien que partout à de faibles fréquences (généralement entre 1 et 10 % de la population). Les seules exceptions sont la région du Caucase, le centre et le sud de l'Italie et la Sardaigne, où le pourcentage oscille entre 15 % à 30 % des lignages paternels.
Joseph Stalin : Haplogroupe G2a1a
Haplogroupe J1: De nos jours, l'haplogroupe J1 culmine chez les Arabes des marais du sud de l'Irak (81 %), les Arabes soudanais (73 %), les Yemeni (72 %), les Bédouins (63 %), les Qatari (58 %), les Saudis (40 %), les Omani (38 %) et les Arabes palestiniens (38 %). Des pourcentages élevés sont également observés dans les Émirats Arabes Unis (35 %), la côte de l'Algérie (35 %), la Jordanie (31 %), la Syrie (30 %), la Tunisie (30 %), l'Egypte (21 %) et le Liban (20 %). La plupart des J1 arabes appartient à la variété J1-P58.
Le roi Abdallah II de Jordanie (la dynastie des Hachémites) : Haplogroupe J1
Haplogroupe J2: Le pourcentage le plus élevée de J2 au monde se trouve parmi les Ingouches (88 % des lignées paternelles) et les Tchétchènes (56 %) dans le Caucase du Nord. En dehors du Caucase, les fréquences les plus élevées de J2 sont observés à Chypre (37 %), en Crète (34 %) ainsi que chez les Juifs (de 19 à 25 %). Un quart de la population valaque (communautés isolées de locuteurs de langue romane dans les Balkans) appartiennent à J2. Géographiquement, « Valaques » désigne, en Roumanie, les habitants de la Valachie (région méridionale du pays) et, dans la péninsule des Balkans, les populations de langue romane soit les Aroumains, les Mégléno-roumains et les Istro-roumains.
La famille Rothschild : Haplogroupe J2
Haplogroupe T: L'haplogroupe T1 (M70, M184) est trouvé à une petite majorité chez les indigènes Kurukh, Bauris & Lodha en Inde; et une forte minorité de Rajus et Mahli en Inde, Sud Égyptiens et Foulbé en Afrique, Chians, Allemands Stilfser/Tyroliens Saccensi/Siciliens, Eivissencs et Juifs du Nord-Est Portugal en Europe, Zoroastriens, Bakhtiaris au Moyen-Orient, et les Xibes en Extrême-Orient.
Thomas Jefferson (président des États-Unis, de 1801 à 1809) : Haplogroupe T






5) Il y a environ 5 500 ans: R1a & R1b (les Indo-Européens)
L'haplogroupe R1a représente aujourd'hui ~3% de la population de la France.
L'haplogroupe R1b représente aujourd'hui ~58.5% (la majorité) de la population de la France.

Le grand bouleversement culturel et génétique est venu avec l'âge du Bronze, avec l'arrivée des Indo-Européens (R1a & R1b), qui a débuté avec la culture Yamna (3500-2300 AEC) dans la Steppe pontique, au nord de la mer Noire.

Haplogroupe R1a est l'haplogroupe le plus repandu en Europe centrale et de l'est, surtout en Pologne (56%), en Ukraine (50%), Biélorussie (45%), en Russie (40%), en Slovaquie (40%), en Lettonie (40%), en Lithuanie (38%), et en République tchèque (34%), ce qui en fait un haplogroupe clairement balto-slavique.
Max von Sydow: Haplogroupe R1a
Tom Hanks: Haplogroupe R1a
Haplogroupe R1b: Cet haplogroupe se compose de trois principaux sous-clades, R1b-M269, très fréquent en Europe de l'Ouest, R1b-V88 qui se retrouve surtout dans certaines parties de l'Afrique subsaharienne et au Moyen-Orient et R1b-M73 qui se rencontre en Asie du sud et de l'ouest.
George Washington: Haplogroupe R1b-U152
Abraham Lincoln: Haplogroupe R1b-U152


6) Il y a environ 4 500 ans: R1a
L'haplogroupe R1a représente aujourd'hui ~3% de la population de la France.

R1a fut le premier à atteindre le Benelux et le nord-est de la France, avec la culture de la céramique cordée (2400-2900 AEC).
Roi Willem-Alexander des Pays-Bas : Haplogroupe R1a



7) Il y a environ 4 200 ans: R1b
L'haplogroupe R1b représente aujourd'hui ~58.5% (la majorité) de la population de la France.

A en juger de la propagation de l'âge du Bronze en Europe occidentale, les premiers Proto-Celtes ont atteint la France et le Benelux vers 2200 avant notre ère, suivi des îles Britanniques vers 2100-2000 AEC. Cette première migration aurait apporté la sous-clade L21 de R1b dans le nord-ouest de l'Europe. Grâce à un effet fondateur L21 est devenu la lignée paternelle dominante parmi les anciens Bretons insulaires et les Irlandais et elle l'est resté jusqu'à nos jours chez les Bretons, Gallois, Ecossais des Highlands et Irlandais.
Louis XVI (Maison de Bourbon) : Haplogroupe R1b-U106



8) Il y a environ 3 500 ans: R1b-U152 (marqueur d'ascendance gauloise)
L'haplogroupe R1b représente aujourd'hui ~58.5% (la majorité) de la population de la France.

La troisième branche proto-celtique majeure est R1b-U152, qui semble avoir évolué à partir des cultures des champs d'urnes, de Hallstatt et de La Tène (1300-50 AEC) autour des Alpes. Une migration précoce de la culture des champs d'urnes a introduit R1b-U152 en Italie vers 1200 avant notre ère, où ils devinrent les tribus italiques, y compris les Romains. La culture de La Tène (450-50 avant notre ère) est la lignée la plus fortement associée avec les anciens Gaulois. La Gaule englobait toute la France actuelle ainsi que la Belgique et le sud des Pays-Bas jusqu'au Rhin et la Rhénanie allemande, un territoire qui correspond justement à aux endroits où U152 atteint ses fréquences les plus élevées en dehors de l'Italie. R1b-U152 peut donc être considéré comme un marqueur d'ascendance tant gauloise qu'italique.



9) Il y a environ 2 600 ans

Entre 600 et 300 avant notre ère les Grecs établirent des colonies le long de la côte méditerranéenne de la France, fondant notamment Agde, Marseille, Hyères et Nice. Les Grecs de l'antiquité auraient apporté principalement les haplogroupes E1b1b et J2 avec eux, mais également une minorité de G2a, J1, R1b-L23 et T.



10) La répartition des haplogroupes en France aujourd'hui, sur base des données actuellement disponibles:

Region/Haplogroupe ADN-Y (%) I1 I2a I2b R1a R1b G J2 J1 E1b T Q
Alsace 8 1 3 3 55 6 8 1 10 4 1
Auvergne 2 1 1.5 5.5 52.5 9 8 3.5 12.5 4.5 0
Bretagne 8 1 4.5 0.5 80 2 2.5 0.5 0.5 0 0
Corse 0 18.5 1 0 49 7.5 14 0 8 0.5 0
Nord-Pas-de-Calais 13 2.5 1 2.5 61 6 2.5 0 12 0 0
Gascogne 0 4.5 0 0 91 0 4.5 0 0 0 0
Île-de-France 2.5 2 2 3.5 57.5 3.5 6.5 1 20.5 0 0
Provence 2 4 1 5 58 7.5 8.5 1 10.5 1 2
Midi-Pyrénées 2.5 5 2.5 4 61 4 8.5 4 7.5 1 0
Normandie 7 4 2 1 76 0 2 1 5 0 1
Poitou-Saintonge 1.5 3 0 0 74.5 7.5 6 0 1.5 0 0
Rhône-Alpes 7 1.5 2.5 5 66.5 5 2.5 0 5 0 5
TOTAL FRANCE (%) 8.5 3 3.5 3 58.5 5.5 6 1.5 7.5 1 0.5




Pour plus de renseignements:
« Une histoire génétique de la France et du Benelux » :
http://www.eupedia.com/europe/projet_adn_benelux_france.shtml
« Origine, répartition, âge et relation ethnique des haplogroupes européens » :
http://www.eupedia.com/europe/origines_haplogroupes_europe.shtml
« Comprendre le génome humain et la génétique » :
http://www.eupedia.com/genetics/le_genome_humain.shtml
« Journey of Mankind » :
http://www.bradshawfoundation.com/journey/
« Melting Pot Europe » :
http://peopletales.blogspot.fr/2015/12/melting-pot-europe.html
« Nos ancêtres les Gaulois » :
http://www.lefigaro.fr

51) Melting Pot Europe

The modern European gene pool was formed when three ancient populations mixed within the last 7,000 years, Nature journal reports.
Blue-eyed, swarthy hunters (European Hunter-Gathers - EHG) mingled with brown-eyed, pale skinned farmers (Early European Farmers - EEF) as the latter swept into Europe from the Near East.
But another, mysterious population with Siberian affinities (Ancient North Eurasians - ANE) also contributed to the genetic landscape of the continent.





Anatomically modern hunter-gathers first migrated into Europe 45Kya from Africa through the Levant (European Hunter-Gathers - EHG) and the haplogroup I is a good candidate to be identified as a Paleolithic/Mesolithic haplogroup.

Y-DNA Haplogroup I
According to a 2014 study (Iosif Lazaridis, Nick Patterson, Alissa Mittnik, etc.) the mesolithic male (8,000 year old) discovered in Loschbour, Luxembourg (having dark hair, dark skin and probably blue eyes) and four Motala men (from seven, discovered in the "Tomb of the Sunken Skulls" - Sweden, 8,000 year old) were tested and they belong to Y-chromosome haplogroup I.
Research published in 2008 found that the earliest mutations in the eye-colour genes that led to the evolution of blue eyes probably occurred about 10,000 years ago in individuals living in around the Black Sea.

Facial reconstructions of Cro-Magnon male (above centre and left), of early Homo sapiens dating from the Upper Paleolithic Period (c. 40,000 to c. 10,000 years ago) in Europe, next to the Loschbour man (to the right, as imagined by three Luxembourg's researchers).

Haplogroup I2 is the haplogroup pertaining to the first anatomically modern humans to inhabit Europe: Cro-Magnon. A recent 2015 study has also found Y-DNA haplogroup I2a in a 13,000 year old Cro-Magnon fossil from Bichon Switzerland, belonging to the Azilian culture (mtDNA haplogroup U5b1h).
Haplogroup I2 is the most common paternal lineage in former Yugoslavia, Romania, Bulgaria and Sardinia, and a major lineage in most Slavic countries. Its maximum frequencies are observed in Bosnia (55%, including 71% in Bosnian Croats), Sardinia (39.5%), Croatia (38%), Serbia (33%), Montenegro (31%), Romania (28%), Moldova (24%), Macedonia (24%), Slovenia (22%), Bulgaria (22%), Belarus (18.5%), Hungary (18%), Slovakia (17.5%), Ukraine (13.5%), and Albania (13.5%). It is found at a frequency of 5 to 10% in Germanic countries.
The people of Cucuteni-Trypillian and Vinča cultures (late Neolithic civilisations from abt. 8,000 to 5,500 years ago, in Eastern Europe) are likely to belong to I2a1 haplogroup, the largest branch of I2.
Y-DNA Haplogroup I-M170 is predominantly an European haplogroup and it is considered as the only native European Haplogroup. It can be found in the majority of present-day European populations with peaks in some Northern and South-Eastern European countries where the total population is small in comparison with European standards. Consequently, the haplogroup represents not more than one-fifth of the population of Europe, being the continent's second major Y-DNA haplogroup behind Haplogroup R.

Y-DNA Haplogroup C
The mesolithic skeleton discovered at the La Braña-Arintero site in León was tested for DNA (Iñigo Olalde 2014 study) and it belongs to Y-DNA haplogroup C6 and to mtDNA haplogroup U5b2c1.
The reconstruction here below - on the left side, shows the deep dark skin and blue eyes of a 7,000 year old hunter from León - northern Spain, next to "The boy with the sapphire eyes" from Zimbabwe (2012 photo by Vanessa Bristow) and an Aboriginal Australian man with blue eyes (2008 photo by Jenni Medland). Y-DNA Haplogroup C is found at high frequency (abt. 19%) among the Australian aborigines.

Y-DNA Haplogroup F
The 2002 discovery of a modern human fossil (with a recent Neanderthal ancestor) in the Peştera cu Oase, southwestern Romania, provides evidence of early modern humans in the lower Danubian Corridor. The analysis shows the man was more closely related to modern East Asians and Native Americans than to today's Europeans. Its Y-chromosome belongs to macrohaplogroup F and the mtDNA to macrohaplogroup N.
"It is evidence of an initial modern human occupation of Europe that didn't give rise to the later population. There may have been a pioneering group of modern humans that got to Europe, but was later replaced by other groups." said prof. David Reich (Harvard Medical School).
Directly accelerator mass spectrometry radiocarbon (C-14) dated the mandible to be 34,000–36,000 year old.




Second major infusion of people comes with expansion of agriculture - also from Levant beginning 8Kya (Early European Farmers - EEF).

Y-DNA Haplogroup G
The Neolithic Era or New Stone Age, was a period in the development of human technology, beginning about 12,000 years ago in some parts of the Middle East, and later in other parts of the world and ending between 6,500 and 4,000 years ago.
Haplogroup G is the founding father of the Neolithic. Haplogroup G represents the spread of farming into Europe. In addition to haplogroup G in the Neolithic, one sample of both E1b1b1 (M35) and C were also found in Spain.
In western Austria, in the Tirol (Tyrol) the G percentage can reach 40% or more (Ötzi also had it). In the northern and highland areas of the island of Sardinia off western Italy, G percentages reach 11% of the population in one study and reached 21% in the town of Tempio in another study. In the Greek island of Crete, approximately 7% to 11% of males belong to haplogroup G. In north-eastern Croatia, in the town of Osijek, G was found in 14% of the males. The city is on the banks of the river Drava, which notably begins in the Tirol/Tyrol region of the Alps, another haplogroup G focus area in Europe. Farther north, 8% of ethnic Hungarian males and 5.1% of ethnic Bohemian (Czech) males have been found to belong to Haplogroup G.

The Iceman on display at the South Tyrol Museum of Archaeology in Bolzano (South Tyrol, Italy) is one of the world’s best-known and most important mummies. A group of scientists have sequenced Ötzi's full genome and the report was published on 28 February 2012. The Y-DNA of Ötzi (a man who lived around 5,300 years ago) belongs to a subclade of G haplogroup. G-L91 is now mostly found in South Corsica.



Ancient North Eurasians (ANE) entered after the Neolithic (earlier than 7Kya). All Europeans today carry some amount of ANE, but ancient burials do not.

Y-DNA Haplogroup R
The Metal ages, which begin about 5,300 years ago in Europe, is where haplogroup R, along with I1, first appear. The I1 branch is estimated to have split away from the rest of haplogroup I some 20,000 years ago, in Europe. It looks like haplogroup I2a1b (M423) may have been replaced by I1 which expanded after the Mesolithic.
Haplogroup R* originated in North Asia just before the Last Glacial Maximum (26,500-19,000 years before present). This haplogroup has been identified in the 24,000 year old remains of the so-called "Mal'ta boy" from the Altai region, in south-central Siberia (Raghavan et al. 2013).

Reconstruction of a typical Yamnaya individual from the Caspian steppe in Russia ca. 5Kya. The re-writing of the genetic map began in the early Bronze Age, about 5,000 years ago. From the steppes in the Caucasus, the Yamnaya Culture migrated principally westward into North and Central Europe, and to a lesser degree, into western Siberia. Yamnaya was characterized by a new system of family and property. In northern Europe the Yamnaya mixed with the Stone Age people who inhabited this region and along the way established the Corded Ware Culture, which genetically speaking resembles present day Europeans living north of the Alps today.

Given that haplogroup R arrived in the early Metalic age, was it weapons and chariots that enabled the R1b men who arrived to quickly become more than half of the population?
Haplogroup R1b, also known as haplogroup R-M343, is the most frequently occurring Y-chromosome haplogroup in Western Europe, as well as some parts of Russia (the Bashkir minority), Central Asia (e.g. Turkmenistan) and Central Africa (e.g. Chad and Cameroon).
In Europe, the R1a1 subclade of R1a, is found at highest levels among peoples of Eastern European descent (Sorbs, Poles, Russians and Ukrainians; 50 to 65%) (Balanovsky 2008, Behar 2003, and Semino 2000). In the Baltic countries R1a1 frequencies decrease from Lithuania (45%) to Estonia (around 30%) (Kasperaviciūte 2005). Levels in Hungarians have been noted between 20 and 60% (Battaglia 2008, Rosser 2000, Semino 2000, and Tambets 2004).
There is a significant presence in peoples of Scandinavian descent, with highest levels in Norway and Iceland, where between 20 and 30% of men are in R1a1 (Bowden 2008 and (Dupuy 2005). Vikings and Normans may have also carried the R1a1 lineage westward; accounting for at least part of the small presence in the British Isles (Passarino 2002 and Capelli 2003). In East Germany, where Haplogroup R1a1 reaches a peak frequency in Rostock at a percentage of 31.3%, it averages between 20%-30% (Kayser 2005).



Sources:
BBC News Science:
Denisova
Haplogroup I-M170
Haplogroup G-M201
Haplogroup R1b
Haplogroups Europe
CNRA Loschbour 3D Animation - Luxembourg
Palaeolithic DNA from Eurasia
Otzi
Tyrol Museum of Archaeology in Bolzano
Ancient genomes reveal mass-migrations during bronze age
7,000-Year-Old Human Bones Suggest New Date for Light-Skin Gene
The Mammoth Ivory Male head from Dolni Vestonice
When modern Eurasia was born
The Civilisation of the Goddess
Ancestral Journeys: the peopling of Europe
L'identité européenne: une histoire de gènes?
A journey back to the roots
Haplogroupes du chromosome Y des huns-Q, avars-C et hongrois-N (lien en anglais) :
= Q = L'haplogroupe Q1a2-M25 est très rare en Europe. Sa fréquence maximale est chez les Széklers de Transylvanie (suggérant une origine hunnique de cet haplogroupe en Europe). Selon Iaroslav Lebedynsky (n. 1960), l'origine hunnique des Magyars est une vieille légende sans fondement historique.
Q-M242 peut atteindre environ 40% chez les Turkmènes d'Afghanistan et d'Iran. Les Turkmènes sont connus comme les descendants des Turcs Oghuz qui ont construit de nombreux empires et dynasties turcs. Les peuples turcs sont des nomades originaires de l'Altaï. Les Göktürks (signifiant turcs bleus) sont vus par les Chinois comme un rameau détaché des Xiongnu (Huns) - la première confédération de pasteurs nomades connue en Asie orientale, qui apparaît sur le territoire de l'actuelle Mongolie comme une puissance redoutable à la fin du ~ IIIe siècle, et par les Iraniens comme une nouvelle vague hunnique.
= C = Les Avars appartiennent à l'haplogroupe C2-M217 fréquent en Asie Centrale et dans l'est de la Sibérie.
C2-M217 peut représenter une descendance patrilinéaire directe de Gengis Khan (1162-1227, l'Empire Mongol).
Sur la base de textes historiques chinois, l'ascendance des peuples mongols remonte aux Donghu - au nord de l'actuelle Corée (3ème siècle avant JC), une confédération nomade occupant l'est de la Mongolie et la Mandchourie. Le Donghu était le voisin du Xiongnu - à l'Est.
= N = Y haplogrupe N3a4-Z1936 – pourrait être un lien potentiel entre deux populations de langue ougrienne (dans la famille des langues ouraliennes) : les Hongrois et les Mansi (la partie centrale de la plaine de Sibérie occidentale). L'haplogroupe N-M231 serait apparu en Asie du Sud-Est il y a environ 19 400 ans et il aurait recolonisé le nord de l'Eurasie après la dernière période glaciaire, traversant successivement la Chine puis la Mongolie.

Un khanat ou kanat est un royaume turc ou mongol, dirigé par un khan.
L’haplogroupe F est - avec ses descendants, le principal haplogroupe masculin présent sur la planète :

08) A journey back to the roots

We all grow up with the weight of history on us.
Our ancestors dwell in the attics of our brains as they do
in the spiraling chains of knowledge hidden in every cell of our bodies.

Shirley Jean Abbott Tomkievicz



50,000 years ago in Europe = Haplogroup Mt DNA: U5 (Ursula Clan)
Haplogroup U descends from a woman in the haplogroup R branch, who lived around 55,000 years ago probably in West Asia; who migrated from North-East Africa or South-West Asia as haplogroup N, around 60,000 years ago (N>R>U).
It has been suggested that U5, arose among the first settlers of Europe and subsequently spread all over the continent along with the Aurignacian industry (47,000 to 35,000 years ago).
Bryan Sykes' popular book The Seven Daughters of Eve says that U5 is the first out of Africa into Europe and it shows up 50,000-45,000 years ago in Delphi, Greece and Spain. He named the originator of haplogroup U5: Ursula.
Possible place of U origin: Western Asia (possible time of origin: 50,000 years ago). See also Kostenki cave U5 male buried in an oval pit some 30,000 years ago, on the banks of the river Don in southern Russia.



40,000-30,000 years ago in Europe = Haplogroup Y DNA: IJ (Cro-MagnonJohn&Vasile of Anina)
Haplogroup Y DNA: I is the oldest major haplogroup in Europe and in all probability the only one that originated there. It is thought to have arrived from the Middle East as haplogroup IJ sometime between 40,000 and 30,000 years ago, and developed into haplogroup I approximately 25,000 years ago. Both Haplogroup I and Haplogroup J are found among modern populations of the Caucasus, Anatolia, and South-West Asia tends to support the hypothesis that Haplogroup IJ derived from Haplogroup F-L15 (Y-DNA) in the vicinity of  West Asia or the Middle East and subsequently spread throughout Western Eurasia.

In other words, Cro-Magnons most probably belonged to IJ and I
(alongside older haplogroups like F and C6).


♂ From a male perspective, modern humans might have taken two colonising routes, one from the Middle East via the Balkans - IJ and another from Central Asia to the north of the Black Sea - R1/M173It is now believed that the haplogroup R1 is substantially younger: a 2008 study dated the most recent common ancestor of the haplogroup R1 by 18.5 kYa (thousand years ago), and the most recent ancestor of the haplogroup IJ by 38.5 kYa, suggesting that haplogroup IJ colonists formed the first wave and haplogroup R1 arrived much later.
♀ From a female perspective, Martin Richards et al. found that 15 - 40% of extant mtDNA lineages trace back to the Palaeolithic migrations (depending on whether one allows for multiple founder events). MtDNA haplogroup U5, dated to be ~ 40 to 50 kYa (thousand years ago), arrived during the first early upper Palaeolithic colonisation. Individually, it accounts for 5-15% of total mtDNA lineages. Middle Upper Palaeolithic movements are marked by the haplogroups HV, I and U4. HV split into Pre-V (around 26,000 years old) and the larger branch H (Clan Helena), both of which spread over Europe, possibly via Gravettian contacts. Haplogroup H accounts for about half the gene lines in Europe, with many subgroups. The above mtDNA lineages or their precursors, are most likely to have arrived into Europe via the Middle East.
This contrasts with Y DNA evidence, whereby some 50%+ of male lineages are characterized by the R1 superfamily, which is of possible central Asian origin. Ornella Semino postulates that these differences "may be due in part to the apparent more recent molecular age of Y chromosomes relative to other loci, suggesting more rapid replacement of previous Y chromosomes. Gender-based differential migratory demographic behaviors will also influence the observed patterns of mtDNA and Y variation".



23,000 years ago in N & SE Europe = Haplogroup Y DNA: I - M170
Y-DNA Haplogroup I-M170 is predominantly a European haplogroup and it is considered as the only native European Haplogroup. Today it represents nearly one-fifth of the population of Europe. It can be found in the majority of present-day European populations with peaks in Northern and South-Eastern Europe.


11,000 years ago in Northern Europe = Haplogroup Mt DNA: U5b1b (Cheddar Man)
Haplogroup Mt DNA: U5 has been found in human remains dating from the Mesolithic in England, Germany, Lithuania, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Sweden, France and Spain. Haplogroup U5 and its subclades U5a and U5b form the highest population concentrations in the far north, in Sami, Finns, and Estonians, but it is spread widely at lower levels throughout Europe. Individuals from this haplogroup were part of the initial expansion tracking the retreat of ice sheets from Europe around 10.000 years ago (from Ice Age refugees: a "Franco-Cantabrian" area roughly coinciding with northern Spain/southern France, the Balkans and a "Periglacial province" on the Ukrainian plains). The age of haplogroup U5b1b1 was estimated by Delghandi 1998 using HVR1 haplotypes only to be between 5 500 to 10 500 years old.
Mt DNA haplogroup U5b1b1 - the set of lineages with the so-called “Saami-specific” motif, is spread, besides among the Saami, mostly in eastern Europe. This might suggest that haplogroup U5b1b1 may have spread/arisen from eastern Europe. On the other hand, the considerable diversity of the U5b1b cluster in western and southern Europe suggests that these regions, rather than eastern Europe, were the likely place of origin of U5b1b.
It is believed on the basis of correlation analysis that haplogroup U5b migrated together with male haplogroup I1a (Rootsi 2004) and on the basis of variance and haplotype analysis its believed they migrated from western Europe (see Gravettian culture). Male haplogroup N3 is the most frequent haplogroup in the Saami population, second is I and the third is R1a (11%).

Schematic reconstruction of possible entry routes of the predominant Saami maternal (◄left side) and paternal (right side►) lineages to Fennoscandia. Broken lines indicate that the exact place of origin/route of spread of the haplogroup is unsolved/not indicated.

In 1884 Roland Bonaparte led an ethnographic expedition to Sápmi, were he and his team set out to photograph and anatomically measure the Sámi inhabitants, Bonaparte's work was grounded in the anthropology of his time wich focused on the documentation of physical characteristics and the shape and dimensions of the skull as a means of establishing relations between the human races, the scientific conclusion was that the 'Lapps' were "brachycephalic", (a large and short broad head) and that their cranial shape was of a 'mongoloid' type, they were also described as having a short stature and a child like face with sparse or little facial hair.
The Sami U5b1b1 sub-clade is present in many different populations, e.g. 3% or higher frequencies in Karelia, Finland, and Northern-Russia. U5b1b: has been found also in Fulbe and Papel people in Guinea-Bissau and Yakuts people of northeastern Siberia.


Bucharest ~ 1960


10,000-5,000 years ago in Europe = Haplogroup Y DNA: I2a1b - M423 - L621 (Dinaric)
This branch (I2a1b - M423 - L621) is found overwhelmingly in Slavic countries. Its maximum frequencies are observed among the Dinaric Slavs (Slovenes, Croats, Bosniaks, Serbs, Montenegrins and Macedonians) as well as in Bulgaria, Romania, Moldavia, western Ukraine and Belarus. It is also common to a lower extent in Albania, Greece, Hungary, Slovakia, Poland, and south-western Russia. I2-L621 is also known as as I2a-Din (for Dinaric).
Napoleon III belonged also to haplogroup I2 (apparently to the M223 subclade): Professor Gérard Lucotte tested the Y-DNA of Napoleon I, Napoleon III (Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte; 1808-1873) and their descendants, and was able to confirm that Napoleon III was not the biological nephew of the first Emperor of the French. While Napoleon I belonged to haplogroup E-M34 (E1b1b1c), Napoleon III, the presumed son of Louis Bonaparte and Hortense de Beauharnais, belonged to haplogroup I2It has been hypothetised that Napoleon III was the son of Count Charles de Flahaut, who was Hortense's lover.
Dinaric race has been described as follows: "The vertical height of the cranium is high. Eyes are set relatively close and the surrounding tissue defines them as wide open. The iris is most often brown, with a significant percentage of light pigmentation in the Dinaric population. The nose is large, narrow and convex. The face is long and orthognathic, with a prominent chin, and also wide. The form of the forehead is variable, but not rarely it is bulbous. The hair color is usually dark brown, with black-haired and blond individuals in minority, blondness being the characteristic of the more Central European, morphologically similar Noric race (a race intermediate between Nordic and Dinaric races). The skin is lacking the rosy color characteristic for Northern Europe as well as the relatively brunet pigmentation characteristic for the southernmost Europe and on a geographical plane it is of medium pigmentation and often it is variable."


7,000-5,000 years ago in Europe = Haplogroup Y DNA: I2a1b + E1b1b, G2a, J2b and T
(the Neolithic farming Revolution)
The high concentration of I2a1b-L621 in north-east Romania, Moldova and central Ukraine reminds of the maximum spread of the Cucuteni-Trypillian culture (4800-3000 BCE). This could mean that the Cucuteni-Tripolye culture was a native European group I2a1b of hunter-gatherers who adopted farming after coming in contact (with perhaps some intermarriages) with the Middle Eastern farmers who migrated north in the Balkans (E1b1b, G2a, J2b and T).



5,000-4,000 years ago in Europe = Haplogroup Y DNA: I2a-L621 + R1a (Thraco-Daco-Illyrians)
After being Indo-Europeanized (mainly by R1 tribes), I2a-L621 would have become the dominant paternal lineage among southern Slavs, while R1a remained dominant among northern Slavs. See also the Kurgan hypothesis: "The process of Indo-Europeanization was a cultural, not a physical, transformation. It must be understood as a military victory in terms of successfully imposing a new administrative system, language, and religion upon the indigenous groups" (Marija Gimbutas: "The Kurgan Culture and the Indo-Europeanization of Europe" - 1997).
The presence of I2a-L621 in Romania and Bulgaria could be attributed to the migration of the ancient Dacians and Thracians, who emerged as a mixture of of indigenous peoples I2a and Indo-Europeans R1a, sometime between 3300 and 1500 BCE. The Illyrians, who conquered the territory of former Yugoslavia circa 1200-1000 BCE, might have been an offshoot from the Dacians or the Thracians, or a closely related tribe from the Carpathian basin. I2a-Din had started to mix with Proto-Indo-European R1a around Moldova, Ukraine, Belarus and Poland during the Corded Ware period (2900-2400 BCE), then disseminated more uniformly across Proto-Slavic tribes during the Bronze and Iron Ages. After Germanic tribes living in eastern Germany and Poland, like the Goths, the Vandals and the Burgundians, invaded the Roman Empire, the Slavs from further east filled the vacuum. The second great expansion of I2a-Din took place with the Slavic migration in the Late Antiquity and Early Middle Ages. Following the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in 476, the Slavs moved in the Dinaric Alps and the Balkans. By the 9th century the Slavs occupied all modern Slavic-speaking territories, apart from the eastern Balkans under the control of the Turkic-speaking Bulgars.


Do not hesitate to check the links! These contain pertinent explanations.
Sources & resources:
Histoire génétique ►
Y-DNA haplogroups in European populations
Genetic history of Europe
Haplogroup H - Helena
Haplogroup K - Katrine
Haplogroup X - Xenia
Haplogroup U - Ursula The Clan
Haplogroup U - Wikipedia
The Peopling of Europe from the Mitochondrial Haplogroup U5 Perspective
Description of mtDNA Haplogroup U5
Population genetics of the Sami
Portraits - The Sami Today - Scandinavia & Finland
Laplander Studies by Roland Bonaparte
European MtDna haplogroups frequency ►
Haplogroup (Y-DNA) I1
Haplogroup (Y-DNA) I2
Distribution of European Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups by country ►
Upper Paleolithic Population of Europe
John of Anina ~42,000 years old
Cranial morphology of early modern Europeans
Aurignacian culture

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